Grammar Index
- Listing and joining words
- Preposition “do”
- The cause or reason of action - “because of me, he was punished” (pg 226 TVCO)
- ngoai ra, ngoai … ra
- besides, apart from, in addition to
- apart from studying Russian she is studying German
- particles of result
- “ra”
- go after verbs to express the results of an action
- often follow verbs to think, remember, understand, discover
- Toi nho ra ten anh ay roi
- I remember his name now
- Thay
- often goes with verbs such as look, see, find, recognise, realise
- hom qua toi nhin thay anh ay o cho
- Yesterday I saw him in the market
- Duoc
- Can go with almost all verbs
- Toi moi mua duoc mot chiec xe may
- I have just bought a motorbike
- “ra”
- Verb + thu/xem
- Thu can go before or after the verb
- Used when the speaker wants to try something in order to find out whether it is good or not
- Thu uong caphe xem co ngon khong
- Try the coffee to see if it is good or not
- Plural words - may/vai
- Used when the speaker wants to refer to a small number of something
- Toi chi dinh o day vai ngay
- I am planning to stay here only a couple of days
- Khong … nhung … ma con … - not only but also but also
- Chi ay khong nhung hoc tieng anh ma con hoc tieng Nga
- She is not only studying English but also studing Russian
- You can add ca..nua for emphasis
- chi ay khong nhung hoc tieng anh ma con ca hoc tieng nga nua (chap 249 chap 22)
- Speaking about the weather
- Troi
- Tuy …nhung, mac du .. nhung - although
- mac du anh ay bi met nhung anh ay van di hoc
- tuy anh ay bi met nhung anh ay van di hoc
- Although he is tired he still goes to school
Listing and joining
- Vua vua
- Two actions or things happeing at the same time
- we are listening and writing
- the car is old and expensive (p226)
Adverbs
- Abverbs of frequency
- luon, luon luon (always), thuong xuyen (very often), thuong, (p 260)
- The, vay
- When the speaker doesn’t want to repeat something that has been said reviously
- She said tomorrow that she would not come
(bookmark 261 - Chap 23)